DEFINITION OF DATA TYPE
- A data type in a programming language is a set of data with values having predefined characteristics. Examples of data types are: integer, floating point unit number, character, string, and pointer. Usually, a limited number of such data types come built into a language. The language usually specifies the range of values for a given data type, how the values are processed by the computer, and how they are stored.
OPERATIONS OF DATA TYPE DURING PROGRAMMING
With object-oriented programming JAVA, a programmer can create new data types to meet application needs. Such an exercise as known as "data abstraction" and the result is a new class of data. Such a class can draw upon the "built-in" data types such as number integers and characters. For example, a class could be created that would abstract the characteristics of a purchase order. The purchase order data type would contain the more basic data types of numbers and characters and could also include other
object
defined by another class. The purchase order data type would have all of the inherent services that a programming language provided to its built-in data types.
Languages that leave little room for programmers to define their own data types are said to be strongly-typed languages.
OPERATIONS OF DATA-TYPE IN QBASIC:
The computer can hold data in memory. The programmer must tell the computer what type of data to hold. This is called a data type.
Data Types in QBasic:
String.........Text and characters
Example of a String Data Type: This line is an example of a string
Integer.......Non-floating-point numbers from -32,768 to 32,767
Examples of an Integer Data Type: 67, -34, -100, 203, 1022, -1, 0
Long..........Non-floating-point numbers from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
Examples of a Long Data Type: 560005, 3, -2, 0, -867000, 14, 8, -10
Single........Floating-point numbers from -3.37x10^38 to 3.37x10^38
Examples of a Single Data Type: 4.3, 25.4567, -35.87, 0.35, -3.14
Double......Floating-point numbers from -1.67x10^308 to 1.67x10^308
Examples of a Double Data Type: 745663.90596, -98.12, 4859903.094491
It is possible to make your own data type, but we are not going to cover how to do that until later in this tutorial series.
Variables:
Variables are a name that is given to the data. The name must not start with a number or character that is not a letter. Also, the name of the variable must not be a reserved name like
PRINT, INPUT, LET, ABS, BEEP, etc.
There are two ways to declare a variable in QBasic. The first is to put a data type symbol after the name
$ String
% Integer
& Long
! Single
# Double
The flowing program gives and example of declaring variables.
CLS
Header$ = “This is an example program on declaring variables”
Num1% = 5
Num2% = 6
Num3& = 45000
Num4& = 54000
Num5! = 4.5
Num6! = 6.76
Num7# = 56000.25
Num8# = 89000.34
PRINT Header$
PRINT Num1% + Num2% +Num3&
PRINT Num6! / Num5!
PRINT Num8# + Num2%
PRINT Num4& / Num1%
The output will be:
This is an example on declaring variables
45011
1.502222
89006.34
10800
Code Download: PROT4_1.BAS
Lets try the other way of declaring variables. This method should be used instead of the other method because Visual Basic and other BASIC languages tend to use this method. Becoming accustom to this way will help the transition from QBasic to Visual Basic. Create a new file and try this out:
DIM Num1 AS INTEGER
DIM Num2 AS LONG
DIM Num3 AS SINGLE
DIM Num4 AS DOUBLE
DIM Header AS STRING
CLS
Header = “This is another example program on declaring variables”
Num1 = 5
Num2 = 56000
Num3 = 45.635
Num4
Thursday, October 14, 2010
Wednesday, October 13, 2010
LIST OF COMPUTER APPLICATION SOFTWAYS AND THEIR USES
1 MICROSOFT WORD: This is a word processing application software used in word publishing, typing documents.
2. MICROSOFT EXCEL: Spreed sheet application for financial accounting and calculations.
3. MICROSOFT POWERPOINT: Document/project presentation in a slide shows using projector.
4. MICROSOFT FRONTPAGE: Web designing application for HTML web sites and web base.
5. MICROSOFT OUTLOOK: For email management for large and big organisations.
6. MICROSOFT PUBLISHER: For the publishing of Journals, brochures, and Magazines.
7. MICROSOFT DOS: For Command Line Interface utilities when remotely accessing devices in a network and system components.
8. MICROSOFT ONENOTE: Digital jotter application for making short notes and remarks.
9. MICROSOFT VBasic: Graphics oriented programming language used in designing, running, and writing a programme.
10. MICROSOFT VBasic.NET: Advanced online based form of VBasic, used in producing programmes that run in a network.
11. MICROSOFT INTERNET EXPLORER: Internet web browser software used in accessing files online.
12. MOZILA FIREFOX: An internet web browser software.
13. OPERA: Internet browser application software, for accessing files online.
14. COREL-DRAW: Graphics design for decorations, certificates, cards and barnners.
15. PRINT ARTIST: For designing greeting cards and envelopes.
16. PAINT BRUSH: For digital drawing and designing in a canvas.
17. TOOBOOM: For cartoon production and video effects also known as firm tricks.
18. MICROSOFT PHOTOSHOP: For picture editing and high quality resolutional images.
19. MULT-MEDIA PLAYER: For playing movies, musics, audio recordings in a computer.
20. MICROSOFT ACCESS: For database management in a large and small enterprise.
21. CISCO PACKET TRACER: Network sumulator for network designing, implementation and maintenance.
22. DREAM WEAVER: Web designing software for designing websites that run with php.
23. SPSS- STATISTICAL PACKAGE for SOCIAL SCIENCE: For analysing statistical data in any document making it available within a short time for business marketing and implementation.
24...... Check back letter
LIST IS STILL TO BE UPDATED IN THE NEXT 24 HOURS
THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INTERNET, EXTRANET AND ETHERNET
Extranet:
It is a private network that uses internet protocols,network connectivity, and possibly the public telecommunication system to
securely share part of an organization's information or operations with
suppliers, vendors, partners, customers or other businesses. An
extranet can be viewed as part of a company's Intranet that is extended to users outside the company, usually via the Internet.
Internet:
It is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standardized Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide.
Intranet
It is a private network that uses Internet protocols to securely share any part of an organization's information or operational systems within that organization.
An intranet is a private computer network that uses Internet technologies to securely share any part of an organization's information or operational systems with its employees. Sometimes the term refers only to the organization's internal website, but often it is a more extensive part of the organization's computer infrastructure and private websites are an important component and focal point of internal communication and collaboration.
An intranet is built from the same concepts and technologies used for the Internet, such as client-server computing and the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). Any of the well known Internet protocols may be found in an intranet, such as HTTP (web services), SMTP (e-mail), and FTP (file transfer). Internet technologies are often deployed to provide modern interfaces to legacy information systems hosting corporate data.
An intranet can be understood as a private version of the Internet, or as a private extension of the Internet confined to an organization. The first intranet websites and home pages began to appear in organizations in 1990 - 1991. Although not officially noted, the term intranet first became common-place inside early adaptors, such as universities and technology corporations, in 1992.
Intranets differ from extranets in that the former are generally restricted to employees of the organization while extranets may also be accessed by customers, suppliers, or other approved parties. Extranets extend a private network onto the Internet with special provisions for access, authorization and authentication (see also AAA protocol).
LIST OF NETWORK PROTOCOLS AVAILABLE
1. Layer 1 protocols (Physical Layer)
2. Layer 1+2 protocols
3. Layer 2 protocols (Data Link Layer)
4. Layer 2+3 protocols
5. Layer 1+2+3 protocols
6. Layer 3 protocols (Network Layer)
7. Layer 3 protocols (Network Layer management)
8. Layer 3.5 protocols
9. Layer 3+4 protocol suites
10. Layer 5 protocols (Session Layer)
11. Other protocols
12. Layer 7 protocols (Application Layer)
13. Protocol description languages
14. See also
15. Further reading
16. External links
2. MICROSOFT EXCEL: Spreed sheet application for financial accounting and calculations.
3. MICROSOFT POWERPOINT: Document/project presentation in a slide shows using projector.
4. MICROSOFT FRONTPAGE: Web designing application for HTML web sites and web base.
5. MICROSOFT OUTLOOK: For email management for large and big organisations.
6. MICROSOFT PUBLISHER: For the publishing of Journals, brochures, and Magazines.
7. MICROSOFT DOS: For Command Line Interface utilities when remotely accessing devices in a network and system components.
8. MICROSOFT ONENOTE: Digital jotter application for making short notes and remarks.
9. MICROSOFT VBasic: Graphics oriented programming language used in designing, running, and writing a programme.
10. MICROSOFT VBasic.NET: Advanced online based form of VBasic, used in producing programmes that run in a network.
11. MICROSOFT INTERNET EXPLORER: Internet web browser software used in accessing files online.
12. MOZILA FIREFOX: An internet web browser software.
13. OPERA: Internet browser application software, for accessing files online.
14. COREL-DRAW: Graphics design for decorations, certificates, cards and barnners.
15. PRINT ARTIST: For designing greeting cards and envelopes.
16. PAINT BRUSH: For digital drawing and designing in a canvas.
17. TOOBOOM: For cartoon production and video effects also known as firm tricks.
18. MICROSOFT PHOTOSHOP: For picture editing and high quality resolutional images.
19. MULT-MEDIA PLAYER: For playing movies, musics, audio recordings in a computer.
20. MICROSOFT ACCESS: For database management in a large and small enterprise.
21. CISCO PACKET TRACER: Network sumulator for network designing, implementation and maintenance.
22. DREAM WEAVER: Web designing software for designing websites that run with php.
23. SPSS- STATISTICAL PACKAGE for SOCIAL SCIENCE: For analysing statistical data in any document making it available within a short time for business marketing and implementation.
24...... Check back letter
LIST IS STILL TO BE UPDATED IN THE NEXT 24 HOURS
THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INTERNET, EXTRANET AND ETHERNET
Extranet:
It is a private network that uses internet protocols,network connectivity, and possibly the public telecommunication system to
securely share part of an organization's information or operations with
suppliers, vendors, partners, customers or other businesses. An
extranet can be viewed as part of a company's Intranet that is extended to users outside the company, usually via the Internet.
Internet:
It is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standardized Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide.
Intranet
It is a private network that uses Internet protocols to securely share any part of an organization's information or operational systems within that organization.
An intranet is a private computer network that uses Internet technologies to securely share any part of an organization's information or operational systems with its employees. Sometimes the term refers only to the organization's internal website, but often it is a more extensive part of the organization's computer infrastructure and private websites are an important component and focal point of internal communication and collaboration.
An intranet is built from the same concepts and technologies used for the Internet, such as client-server computing and the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). Any of the well known Internet protocols may be found in an intranet, such as HTTP (web services), SMTP (e-mail), and FTP (file transfer). Internet technologies are often deployed to provide modern interfaces to legacy information systems hosting corporate data.
An intranet can be understood as a private version of the Internet, or as a private extension of the Internet confined to an organization. The first intranet websites and home pages began to appear in organizations in 1990 - 1991. Although not officially noted, the term intranet first became common-place inside early adaptors, such as universities and technology corporations, in 1992.
Intranets differ from extranets in that the former are generally restricted to employees of the organization while extranets may also be accessed by customers, suppliers, or other approved parties. Extranets extend a private network onto the Internet with special provisions for access, authorization and authentication (see also AAA protocol).
LIST OF NETWORK PROTOCOLS AVAILABLE
Wiki: List of network protocols
This is a list of network protocols, categorized by their nearest Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model layers. Many of these protocols, however, are originally based on the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) and other models and they often do not fit neatly into OSI layers.
- REDIRECT Template:OSI model
1. Layer 1 protocols (Physical Layer)
2. Layer 1+2 protocols
3. Layer 2 protocols (Data Link Layer)
4. Layer 2+3 protocols
5. Layer 1+2+3 protocols
6. Layer 3 protocols (Network Layer)
7. Layer 3 protocols (Network Layer management)
8. Layer 3.5 protocols
9. Layer 3+4 protocol suites
10. Layer 5 protocols (Session Layer)
11. Other protocols
12. Layer 7 protocols (Application Layer)
13. Protocol description languages
14. See also
15. Further reading
16. External links
1. Layer 1 protocols (Physical Layer)
- ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
- ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
- PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
- RS-232, a serial line interface originally developed to connect modems and computer terminals
- SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
- SONET Synchronous Optical NETworking
- Modem standards/ITU V-Series Protocols used to communicate between analog modems over voice telephone lines.
- ITU-T G.hn Physical Layer
2. Layer 1+2 protocols
- Ethernet
- GFP ITU-T G.7041 Generic Framing Procedure
- OTN ITU-T G.709 Optical Transport Network also called Optical Channel Wrapper or Digital Wrapper Technology
3. Layer 2 protocols (Data Link Layer)
- ARCnet Attached Resource Computer NETwork
- CDP Cisco Discovery Protocol
- DCAP Data Link Switching Client Access Protocol
- Dynamic Trunking Protocol
- Econet
- FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface
- Frame Relay
- ITU-T G.hn Data Link Layer
- HDLC High-Level Data Link Control
- IEEE 802.11 WiFi
- IEEE 802.16 WiMAX
- LocalTalk
- L2F Layer 2 Forwarding Protocol
- L2TP Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol
- LAPD Link Access Procedures on the D channel
- LLDP Link Layer Discovery Protocol
- LLDP-MED Link Layer Discovery Protocol - Media Endpoint Discovery
- PPP Point-to-Point Protocol
- PPTP Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
- Q.710 Simplified Message Transfer Part
- NDP Neighbor Discovery Protocol
- RPR IEEE 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring
- SLIP Serial Line Internet Protocol (obsolete)
- StarLAN
- STP Spanning Tree Protocol
- Token ring is not a protocol but is a topology
- VTP VLAN Trunking Protocol
4. Layer 2+3 protocols
- ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
- Frame relay, a simplified version of X.25 welcome
- MPLS Multi-protocol label switching
- [[X.2
5. Layer 1+2+3 protocols
6. Layer 3 protocols (Network Layer)
- CLNP Connectionless Networking Protocol
- EGP Exterior Gateway Protocol
- EIGRP Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
- ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol
- IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol
- IGRP Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
- IPv4 Internet Protocol version 4
- IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6
- IPSec Internet Protocol Security
- IPX Internetwork Packet Exchange
- SCCP Signalling Connection Control Part
- AppleTalk DDP
7. Layer 3 protocols (Network Layer management)
- IS-IS Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System
- OSPF Open Shortest Path First
- BGP Border Gateway Protocol
- RIP Routing Information Protocol
- ICMP Router Discovery Protocol: Implementation of RFC 1256
- Gateway Discovery Protocol (GDP) is a Cisco protocol similar to IRDP
8. Layer 3.5 protocols
- HIP Host Identity Protocol
9. Layer 3+4 protocol suites
10. Layer 5 protocols (Session Layer)
- 9P Distributed file system protocol developed originally as part of Plan 9
- NCP NetWare Core Protocol
- NFS Network File System
- SMB Server Message Block
- SOCKS "SOCKetS"
11. Other protocols
- Controller Area Network (CAN)
- Common Industrial Protocol (CIP)
- Digital Command Control (DCC)
- Financial Information eXchange (FIX)
- I²C
- modbus
- DECnet protocol family from Digital Equipment Corporation (now HP)
- Service Location Protocol SLP
- Service Advertising Protocol SAP
12. Layer 7 protocols (Application Layer)
- ADC, A peer-to-peer file sharing protocol
- AFP, Apple Filing Protocol
- BACnet, Building Automation and Control Network protocol
- BitTorrent, A peer-to-peer file sharing protocol
- BOOTP, Bootstrap Protocol
- CAMEL, an SS7 protocol tool for the home operator
- Diameter, an authentication, authorization and accounting protocol
- DICOM includes a network protocol definition
- DICT, Dictionary protocol
- DNS, Domain Name System
- DHCP, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
- ED2K, A peer-to-peer file sharing protocol
- FTP, File Transfer Protocol
- Finger, which gives user profile information
- Gnutella, a peer-to-peer file-swapping protocol
- Gopher, a hierarchical hyperlinkable protocol
- HTTP, Hypertext Transfer Protocol
- IMAP, Internet Message Access Protocol
- Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
- ISUP, ISDN User Part
- XMPP, an instant-messaging protocol
- LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
- MIME, Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
- MSNP, Microsoft Notification Protocol (used by Windows Live Messenger)
- MAP, Mobile Application Part
- NetBIOS, File Sharing and Name Resolution protocol - the basis of file sharing with Windows.
- NNTP, News Network Transfer Protocol
- NTP, Network Time Protocol
- NTCIP, National Transportation Communications for Intelligent Transportation System Protocol
- POP3 Post Office Protocol Version 3
- RADIUS, an authentication, authorization and accounting protocol
- Rlogin, a UNIX remote login protocol
- rsync, a file transfer protocol for backups, copying and mirroring
- RTP, Real-time Transport Protocol
- RTSP, Real-time Transport Streaming Protocol
- SSH, Secure Shell
- SISNAPI, Siebel Internet Session Network API
- SIP, Session Initiation Protocol, a signaling protocol
- SMTP, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
- SNMP, Simple Network Management Protocol
- SOAP, Simple Object Access Protocol
- STUN, Session Traversal Utilities for NAT
- TUP, Telephone User Part
- Telnet, a remote terminal access protocol
- TCAP, Transaction Capabilities Application Part
- TFTP, Trivial File Transfer Protocol, a simple file transfer protocol
- WebDAV, Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning
- DSM-CC Digital Storage Media Command and Control
13. Protocol description languages
- Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1)
14. See also
- List of automation protocols
- Systems Network Architecture (SNA) developed by IBM
- Distributed Systems Architecture (DSA) developed by Honeywell-Bull
- Distributed System Security Architecture (DSSA)
15. Further reading
- Network Protocols Handbook. Javvin Technologies. 2005. ISBN 9780974094526. http://books.google.com/books?id=D_GrQa2ZcLwC.
16. External links
- Protocol Encapsulation Chart - A PDF file illustrating the relationship between common protocols and the OSI Reference Model.
- Network Protocols Acronyms and Abbreviations - list of network protocols with abbreviations order by index.
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